Signal Processing Toolbox Getting Started Preface Overview What Is the Signal Processing Toolbox? R12 Related Products List How to Use This Manual If You Are a New User If You Are an Experienced Toolbox User All Toolbox Users Installing the Signal Processing Toolbox Technical Conventions Typographical Conventions Signal Processing Basics Overview Signal Processing Toolbox Central Features Filtering and FFTs Signals and Systems Key Areas: Filter Design and Spectral Analysis Interactive Tools: SPTool and FDATool Extensibility Representing Signals Vector Representation Waveform Generation: Time Vectors and Sinusoids Common Sequences: Unit Impulse, Unit Step, and Unit Ramp Multichannel Signals Common Periodic Waveforms Common Aperiodic Waveforms The pulstran Function The Sinc Function The Dirichlet Function Working with Data Filter Implementation and Analysis Convolution and Filtering Filters and Transfer Functions Filter Coefficients and Filter Names Filtering with the filter Function The filter Function Other Functions for Filtering Multirate Filter Bank Implementation Anti-Causal, Zero-Phase Filter Implementation Frequency Domain Filter Implementation Impulse Response Frequency Response Digital Domain Analog Domain Magnitude and Phase Delay Zero-Pole Analysis Linear System Models Discrete-Time System Models Transfer Function Zero-Pole-Gain State-Space Partial Fraction Expansion (Residue Form) Second-Order Sections (SOS) Lattice Structure Convolution Matrix Continuous-Time System Models Linear System Transformations Discrete Fourier Transform Selected Bibliography Using the Signal Processing Toolbox Filter Design Overview Filter Requirements and Specification IIR Filter Design Classical IIR Filter Design Using Analog Prototyping Complete Classical IIR Filter Design Designing IIR Filters to Frequency Domain Specifications Comparison of Classical IIR Filter Types Butterworth Filter Chebyshev Type I Filter Chebyshev Type II Filter Elliptic Filter Bessel Filter Direct IIR Filter Design Generalized Butterworth Filter Design FIR Filter Design Linear Phase Filters Windowing Method Standard Band FIR Filter Design: fir1 Multiband FIR Filter Design: fir2 Multiband FIR Filter Design with Transition Bands Basic Configurations The Weight Vector Anti-Symmetric Filters / Hilbert Transformers Differentiators Constrained Least Squares FIR Filter Design Basic Lowpass and Highpass CLS Filter Design Multiband CLS Filter Design Weighted CLS Filter Design Arbitrary-Response Filter Design Multiband Filter Design Filter Design with Reduced Delay Special Topics in IIR Filter Design Analog Prototype Design Frequency Transformation Filter Discretization Impulse Invariance Bilinear Transformation Selected Bibliography Statistical Signal Processing Overview Correlation and Covariance Bias and Normalization Multiple Channels Spectral Analysis Spectral Estimation Method Overview Nonparametric Methods The Periodogram The Modified Periodogram Welch's Method Bias and Normalization in Welch's Method Multitaper Method Cross-Spectral Density Function Confidence Intervals Transfer Function Estimate Coherence Function Parametric Methods Yule-Walker AR Method Burg Method Covariance and Modified Covariance Methods MUSIC and Eigenvector Analysis Methods Eigenanalysis Overview Selected Bibliography Special Topics Overview Windows Basic Shapes Generalized Cosine Windows Kaiser Window Kaiser Windows in FIR Design Chebyshev Window Parametric Modeling Time-Domain Based Modeling Linear Prediction Prony's Method (ARMA Modeling) Steiglitz-McBride Method (ARMA Modeling) Frequency-Domain Based Modeling Resampling Cepstrum Analysis Inverse Complex Cepstrum FFT-Based Time-Frequency Analysis Median Filtering Communications Applications Deconvolution Specialized Transforms Chirp z-Transform Discrete Cosine Transform Hilbert Transform Selected Bibliography Filter Design and Analysis Tool Overview Filter Design Methods Using the Filter Design and Analysis Tool Analyzing Filter Responses Filter Design and Analysis Tool Modes Getting Help Opening the Filter Design and Analysis Tool Getting Help Context-Sensitive Help: The What's This? Button Choosing a Filter Type Choosing a Filter Design Method Setting the Filter Design Specifications Bandpass Filter Frequency Specifications Bandpass Filter Magnitude Specifications Filter Order Computing the Filter Coefficients Analyzing the Filter Converting the Filter Structure Importing a Filter Design Filter Structures Direct Form Direct Form II (Second-Order Sections) State-Space Lattice Quantized Filter (Qfilt Object) Exporting a Filter Design Exporting Filter Coefficients to the Workspace Exporting Filter Coefficients to a Text File Saving and Opening Filter Design Sessions SPTool: A Signal Processing GUI Suite Overview SPTool: An Interactive Signal Processing Environment SPTool Data Structures Opening SPTool Overview of the Signal Browser: Signal Analysis Opening the Signal Browser Overview of the Filter Designer: Filter Design Filter Types FIR Filter Methods IIR Filter Methods Pole/Zero Editor Spectral Overlay Feature Opening the Filter Designer Overview of the Filter Viewer: Filter Analysis Opening the Filter Viewer Overview of the Spectrum Viewer: Spectral Analysis Opening the Spectrum Viewer Getting Help Context-Sensitive Help: The What's This? Button Using SPTool: Filtering and Analysis of Noise Importing a Signal into SPTool Designing a Filter Opening the Filter Designer Specifying the Bandpass Filter Applying a Filter to a Signal Analyzing Signals: Opening the Signal Browser Playing a Signal Printing a Signal Spectral Analysis in the Spectrum Viewer Creating a PSD Object From a Signal Opening the Spectrum Viewer with Two Spectra Printing the Spectra Exporting Signals, Filters, and Spectra Opening the Export Dialog Box Exporting a Filter to the MATLAB Workspace Designing a Filter with the Pole/Zero Editor Positioning Poles and Zeros Redesigning a Filter Using the Magnitude Plot Accessing Filter Parameters in a Saved Filter The tf Field: Accessing Filter Coefficients The Fs Field: Accessing Filter Sample Frequency The specs Field: Accessing other Filter Parameters Accessing Parameters in a Saved Spectrum Importing Filters and Spectra into SPTool Importing Filters Importing Spectra Loading Variables from the Disk Selecting Signals, Filters, and Spectra in SPTool Editing Signals, Filters, or Spectra in SPTool Setting Preferences Making Signal Measurements: Using Markers Reference Function Reference Function Category List Alphabetical List of Functions abs ac2poly ac2rc angle arburg arcov armcov aryule bartlett besselap besself bilinear blackman boxcar buffer buttap butter buttord cceps cell2sos cheb1ap cheb1ord cheb2ap cheb2ord chebwin cheby1 cheby2 chirp cohere conv conv2 convmtx corrcoef corrmtx cov cplxpair cremez csd czt dct decimate deconv demod dftmtx diric dpss dpssclear dpssdir dpssload dpsssave ellip ellipap ellipord eqtflength fdatool fft fft2 fftfilt fftshift filter filter2 filtfilt filtic fir1 fir2 fircls fircls1 firls firrcos freqs freqspace freqz freqzplot gauspuls gmonopuls grpdelay hamming hann hilbert icceps idct ifft ifft2 impinvar impz interp intfilt invfreqs invfreqz is2rc kaiser kaiserord lar2rc latc2tf latcfilt levinson lp2bp lp2bs lp2hp lp2lp lpc lsf2poly maxflat medfilt1 modulate pburg pcov peig periodogram pmcov pmtm pmusic poly2ac poly2lsf poly2rc polyscale polystab prony psdplot pulstran pwelch pyulear rc2ac rc2is rc2lar rc2poly rceps rectpuls remez remezord resample residuez rlevinson rooteig rootmusic sawtooth schurrc seqperiod sgolay sgolayfilt sinc sos2cell sos2ss sos2tf sos2zp sosfilt specgram sptool square ss2sos ss2tf ss2zp stmcb strips tf2latc tf2sos tf2ss tf2zp tfe triang tripuls udecode uencode unwrap upfirdn vco xcorr xcorr2 xcov yulewalk zp2sos zp2ss zp2tf zplane Filter Design and Analysis Tool Reference Filter Design and Analysis GUI Overview Display Region Display Region: Filter Specifications Display Region: Magnitude Response Display Region: Phase Response Display Region: Magnitude and Phase Response Display Region: Group Delay Display Region: Impulse Response Display Region: Step Response Display Region: Pole/Zero Plot Display Region: Filter Coefficients Filter Type Region Lowpass Filters Highpass Filters Bandpass Filters Bandstop Filters Differentiator Filters Hilbert Transformer Filters Multiband Filters Arbitrary Magnitude Filters Arbitrary Group Delay Filters Design Method Region Current Filter Information Region Convert Structure Button Quantization Region Frequency Specifications Region Frequency Specifications Region: Lowpass Butterworth Frequency Specifications Region: Lowpass Chebyshev Type I Frequency Specifications Region: Lowpass Chebyshev Type II Frequency Specifications Region: Lowpass Elliptic Frequency Specifications Region: Lowpass Equiripple Frequency Specifications Region: Lowpass Least-Squares Frequency Specifications Region: Lowpass Window Frequency Specifications Region: Highpass Butterworth Frequency Specifications Region: Highpass Chebyshev Type I Frequency Specifications Region: Highpass Chebyshev Type II Frequency Specifications Region: Highpass Elliptic Frequency Specifications Region: Highpass Equiripple Frequency Specifications Region: Highpass Least-Squares Frequency Specifications Region: Highpass Window Frequency Specifications Region: Bandpass Butterworth Frequency Specifications Region: Bandpass Chebyshev Type I Frequency Specifications Region: Bandpass Chebyshev Type II Frequency Specifications Region: Bandpass Elliptic Frequency Specifications Region: Bandpass Equiripple Frequency Specifications Region: Bandpass Least-Squares Frequency Specifications Region: Bandpass Window Frequency Specifications Region: Bandstop Butterworth Frequency Specifications Region: Bandstop Chebyshev Type I Frequency Specifications Region: Bandstop Chebyshev Type II Frequency Specifications Region: Bandstop Elliptic Frequency Specifications Region: Bandstop Equiripple Frequency Specifications Region: Bandstop Least-Squares Frequency Specifications Region: Bandstop Window Magnitude Specifications Region Magnitude Specifications Region: Lowpass Butterworth Magnitude Specifications Region: Lowpass Chebyshev Type I Magnitude Specifications Region: Lowpass Chebyshev Type II Magnitude Specifications Region: Lowpass Elliptic Magnitude Specifications Region: Lowpass Equiripple Magnitude Specifications Region: Lowpass Least-Squares Magnitude Specifications Region: Lowpass Window Magnitude Specifications Region: Highpass Butterworth Magnitude Specifications Region: Highpass Chebyshev Type I Magnitude Specifications Region: Highpass Chebyshev Type II Magnitude Specifications Region: Highpass Elliptic Magnitude Specifications Region: Highpass Equiripple Magnitude Specifications Region: Highpass Least-Squares Magnitude Specifications Region: Highpass Window Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandpass Butterworth Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandpass Chebyshev Type I Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandpass Chebyshev Type II Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandpass Elliptic Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandpass Equiripple Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandpass Least-Squares Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandpass Window Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandstop Butterworth Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandstop Chebyshev Type I Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandstop Chebyshev Type II Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandstop Elliptic Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandstop Equiripple Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandstop Least-Squares Magnitude Specifications Region: Bandstop Window Frequency and Magnitude Specifications Region: Differentiator Frequency and Magnitude Specifications Region: Hilbert Transformer Frequency and Magnitude Specifications Region: Multiband Frequency and Magnitude Specifications Region: Arbitrary Magnitude Frequency and Magnitude Specifications Region: Arbitrary Group Delay Filter Order Region Window Specification Region Import Filter Tab Import Filter Coefficients Region Import Filter Coefficients: Direct Form Import Filter Coefficients: Direct Form II (Second-Order Sections) Import Filter Coefficients: State-Space Import Filter Coefficients: Lattice Import Filter Coefficients: Quantized Filter (Qfilt Object) Design Filter Tab Import Filter Button Design Filter Button Printable Documentation (PDF) Product Page (Web)