Dr. Roger T. Marchand

Department of Atmospheric Sciences

University of Washington

326 ATG Building

Seattle, WA 98195-1640

rojmarch@uw.edu

 

 

Research

 

Dr. Marchand's research focuses on cloud microphysics and improving the representation of clouds and microphysical processes in climate and cloud resolving models.  This includes developing remote sensing techniques to determine cloud properties from satellites, airborne, and ground-based instruments (especially radar), as well as applying remote sensing, in situ data, and instrument simulators in model evaluation.  He is a frequent participant in field experiments, most recently in several Southern Ocean campaigns (SOCRATES, MICRE and MARCUS).  Dr. Marchand is a member of the NASA CloudSat and MISR instrument teams and a longtime participant in the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric System Research program.  Dr. Marchand earned his Ph.D in electrical engineering from Virginia Tech in 1997 and since that time has held research positions at Penn State University, the U.S. Department of Energy Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and the University of Washington Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean.  He is currently a research professor in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington.

 

 

Hobbies

 

 

Education

 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Electrical Engineering, Ph. D. 1997

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, History, BA, 1996

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Electrical Engineering, MS, 1993

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Electrical Engineering, BS, 1990

 

Appointments

 

Research Assistant, Dept. of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University 1997-1999

Atmospheric Scientist, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy 1999 – 2007

Atmospheric Scientist, Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, 2007 – 2011

Research Professor, Dept of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, 2012 – present

 

Publications (www.atmos.washington.edu/~roj/publications)

 

Kang, L. Roger T Marchand, Robert Wood. Stratocumulus Precipitation Properties over the Southern Ocean Observed from Aircraft during the SOCRATES campaign (2023), Submitted JGR August 2023, preprint available via ESS Open Archive, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.169290579.91095731/v1

 

Tansey, E., Marchand, R., Alexander, S. P., Klekociuk, A. R., & Protat, A. (2023). Southern Ocean low cloud and precipitation phase observed during the Macquarie Island Cloud and Radiation Experiment (MICRE). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 128, e2023JD039205. https://doi. org/10.1029/2023JD039205

 

Kang, L., Marchand, R. T., Wood, R., & McCoy, I. L. (2022). Coalescence scavenging drives droplet number concentration in Southern Ocean low clouds. Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2022GL097819. doi: 10.1029/2022GL097819

 

Aerenson, T., Marchand, R., Chepfer, H., & Medeiros, B. (2022). When will MISR detect rising high clouds? Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127, e2021JD035865. doi: 10.1029/2021JD035865

 

Tansey, E., Marchand, R., Protat, A., Alexander, S. P., & Ding, S. (2022). Southern Ocean Precipitation Characteristics Observed from CloudSat and Ground Instrumentation during the Macquarie Island Cloud & Radiation Experiment (MICRE): April 2016 to March 2017. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127, e2021JD035370. doi:10.1029/2021JD035370

 

Vignon, É., Alexander, S. P., DeMott, P. J., Sotiropoulou, G., Gerber, F., Hill, T. C. J., et al. (2021). Challenging and improving the simulation of mid-level mixed-phase clouds over the high-latitude Southern Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2020JD033490. doi:10.1029/2020JD033490

 

Kang, L., Marchand, R. T., & Smith, W. L. (2021). Evaluation of MODIS and Himawari‐8 low clouds retrievals over the Southern Ocean with in Situ measurements from the SOCRATES Campaign. Earth and Space Science, 8, 2020EA001397. doi:10.1029/2020EA001397

 

McFarquhar G, Bretherton C, Marchand R, Protat A, DeMott P, Alexander S, Roberts G, Twohy C, Toohey D, Siems S, Huang Y, Wood R, Rauber R, Lasher-Trapp S, Jensen J, Stith J, Mace J, Um J, Jarvinen E, Schnaiter M, Gettelman A, Sanchez K, McCluskey C, Russell L, McCoy I, Atlas R, Bardeen C, Moore K, Hill T, Humphries R, Keywood M, Ristovski Z, Cravigan L, Schofield R, Fairall C, Mallet M, Kreidenweis S, Rainwater B, D’Alessandro J, Wang Y, Wu W, Saliba G, Levin E, Ding S, Lang F, Truong S, Wolff C, Haggerty J, Harvey M, Klekociuk A, McDonald A. (2020). Observations of clouds, aerosols, precipitation, and surface radiation over the Southern Ocean: An overview of CAPRICORN, MARCUS, MICRE and SOCRATES. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 30 Nov.; :1-92. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0132.1.

 

Hinkelman, L. M., & Marchand, R. (2020). Evaluation of CERES and CloudSat Surface Radiative Fluxes over Macquarie Island, the Southern Ocean. Earth and Space Science, 7, e2020EA001224. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EA001224

 

Naud, C. M., Booth, J. F., Lamer, K., Marchand, R., Protat, A., & McFarquhar, G. M. (2020). On the relationship between the marine cold air outbreak M parameter and low-level cloud heights in the midlatitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 125, e2020JD032465. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD032465

 

Geiss, A., Marchand, R., & Thompson, L. A. (2020). The Influence of SeaSurface Temperature Reemergence on Marine Stratiform Cloud. Geophysical Research Letters, 47, doi: 10.1029/2020GL086957

 

Takahashi, H., Lebsock, M. D., Richardson, M., Marchand, R., & Kay, J. E. (2019). When will spaceborne cloud radar detect upward shifts in cloud heights? Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124, 7270– 7285, doi: 10.1029/2018JD030242

 

Geiss, A. and Marchand, R., 2019: Cloud responses to climate variability over the extratropical oceans as observed by MISR and MODIS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7547–7565, doi: 10.5194/acp-19-7547-2019

 

Hillman B. R., R. T. Marchand, and T. P. Ackerman. (2018), Sensitivities of simulated satellite views of clouds to subgrid‐scale overlap and condensate heterogeneity, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 123, doi 10.1029/2017JD027680

 

Zhang, Y., S. Xie, S.A. Klein, R. Marchand, P. Kollias, E.E. Clothiaux, W. Lin, K. Johnson, D. Swales, A. Bodas-Salcedo, S. Tang, J.M. Haynes, S. Collis, M. Jensen, N. Bharadwaj, J. Hardin, and B. Isom, 2018: The ARM Cloud Radar Simulator for Global Climate Models: Bridging Field Data and Climate Models. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 99, 21–26, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0258.1

 

Zhao, W., Marchand, R., & Fu, Q.  2017: The diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation at the ARM SGP site: An atmospheric state-based analysis and error decomposition of a multiscale modeling framework simulation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, 122, 13,387–13,403, doi 10.1002/2017JD027542

 

Evans, S., Marchand, R., Ackerman, T., Donner, L., Golaz, J.-C. & Seman, C., 2017: Diagnosing cloud biases in the GFDL AM3 model with atmospheric classification, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122. doi:10.1002/2017JD027163

 

Cadeddu, M. P., R. Marchand, E. Orlandi, D. Turner, M. Mech, 2017: Microwave ground-based retrievals of cloud and rain liquid water path in drizzling and precipitating clouds: Challenges and possibilities, IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 55(11), p.6468-6481. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2017.2728699.

 

Zhao, W., R. Marchand, and Q. Fu, 2017: The diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation at the ARM SGP site: Cloud radar observations and simulations from the multiscale modeling framework, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, doi:10.1002/2016JD026353.

 

Hillman, B. R., R. T. Marchand, T. P. Ackerman, G. G. Mace, and S. Benson, 2017: Assessing the accuracy of MISR and MISR-simulated cloud top heights using CloudSat- and CALIPSO-retrieved hydrometeor profiles, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 122, 2878–2897, doi:10.1002/2016JD025510.

 

Webb, M. J., Andrews, T., Bodas-Salcedo, A., Bony, S., Bretherton, C. S., Chadwick, R., Chepfer, H., Douville, H., Good, P., Kay, J. E., Klein, S. A., Marchand, R., Medeiros, B., Siebesma, A. P., Skinner, C. B., Stevens, B., Tselioudis, G., Tsushima, Y., and Watanabe, M.: The Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project (CFMIP) contribution to CMIP6, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 359-384, doi:10.5194/gmd-10-359-2017, 2017.

 

Huang, Y., S. Siems, M. Manton, D. Rosenfeld, R. Marchand, G. McFarquhar, and A. Protat, 2016: What is the role of sea surface temperature in modulating cloud and precipitation properties over the Southern Ocean? J. Climate. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0768.1.

 

Marchand, Roger, 2016: ARM and Satellite Cloud Validation. Meteorological Monographs 57, 30.1–30.11, doi: 10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-15-0038.1.

 

Kollias, Pavlos, Eugene E. Clothiaux, Thomas P. Ackerman, Bruce A. Albrecht, Kevin B. Widener, Ken P. Moran, Edward P. Luke, Karen L. Johnson, Nitin Bharadwaj, James B. Mead, Mark A. Miller, Johannes Verlinde, Roger T. Marchand, and Gerald G. Mace, 2016: Development and Applications of ARM Millimeter-Wavelength Cloud Radars. Meteorological Monographs 57, 17.1–17.19, doi: 10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-15-0037.1.

 

Evans, S., R. Marchand, and T. Ackerman, 2014: Variability of the Australian Monsoon and Precipitation Trends at Darwin. J. Climate, 27, 8487–8500, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00422.1

 

Muhlbauer, A., T. P. Ackerman, J. M. Comstock, G. S. Diskin, S. M. Evans, R. P. Lawson, and R. T. Marchand (2014), Impact of large-scale dynamics on the microphysical properties of midlatitude cirrus, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 3976–3996, doi:10.1002/2013JD020035.

 

Marchand, R., G. G. Mace, A. G. Hallar, I. B. McCubbin, S. Y. Matrosov, M. D. Shupe, 2013: Enhanced Radar Backscattering due to Oriented Ice Particles at 95 GHz during StormVEx. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 30, 2336–2351. doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00005.1

 

Marchand, R. (2013), Trends in ISCCP, MISR, and MODIS cloud-top-height and optical-depth histograms, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50207.

Evans, S. M., R. T. Marchand, T. P. Ackerman, and N. Beagley (2012), Identification and analysis of atmospheric states and associated cloud properties for Darwin, Australia, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D06204, doi:10.1029/2011JD017010.

 

Marchand, R. (2012), Spatial correlation of hydrometeor occurrence, reflectivity, and rain rate from CloudSat, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D06202, doi:10.1029/2011JD016678.

 

Kay, J. E., Hillman, B., Klein, S., Zhang, Y., Medeiros, B., Gettelman, G., Pincus, R., Eaton, B., Boyle, J., Marchand, R. and T. Ackerman (2012): Exposing global cloud biases in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) using satellite observations and their corresponding instrument simulators, J. Climate, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00469.1

 

Wang, M., S. Ghan, X. Liu, T. S. L'Ecuyer, K. Zhang, H. Morrison, M. Ovchinnikov, R. Easter,  R. Machand, D., Chand, Y. Qian, and J.E. Penner (2012), Constraining cloud lifetime effects of aerosols using A‐Train satellite observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L15709, doi: 10.1029/2012GL052204

 

Matrosov, S.Y., G.G. Mace, R. Marchand, M.D. Shupe, A.G. Hallar, and I.B. McCubbin, 2012: Observations of Ice Crystal Habits with a Scanning Polarimetric W-Band Radar at Slant Linear Depolarization Ratio Mode. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29, 989–1008, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00131.1

 

Bodas-Salcedo A, Webb MJ, Bony S, Chepfer H, Dufresne JL, Klein S, Zhang Y, Marchand R, Haynes JM, Pincus R, John VO, (2011), COSP: satellite simulation software for model assessment, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. DOI:10.1175/2011BAMS2856.1.

 

Marchand, Roger and Thomas Ackerman (2011), A Cloud-Resolving Model with an Adaptive Vertical Grid for Boundary Layer Clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1058–1074. doi: 10.1175/2010JAS3638.1

 

Marchand, R., and T. Ackerman (2010), An analysis of cloud cover in multiscale modeling framework global climate model simulations using 4 and 1 km horizontal grids, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D16207, doi:10.1029/2009JD013423.

 

Marchand, R., T. Ackerman, M. Smyth, and W. B. Rossow (2010), A review of cloud top height and optical depth histograms from MISR, ISCCP, and MODIS, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D16206, doi:10.1029/2009JD013422.

 

Liu, Z., R. Marchand, and T. Ackerman (2010), A comparison of observations in the tropical western Pacific from ground-based and satellite millimeter-wavelength cloud radars, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D24206, doi:10.1029/2009JD013575.

 

Marchand, R. T., N. Beagley, N. and T. Ackerman, (2009), Evaluation of Hydrometeor Occurrence Profiles in the Multiscale Modeling Framework Climate Model using Atmospheric Classification, J. Climate, 22, 4557–4573.

 

Marchand, R., J. Haynes, G. G. Mace, T. Ackerman, and G. Stephens (2009), A comparison of simulated cloud radar output from the multiscale modeling framework global climate model with CloudSat cloud radar observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00A20, doi:10.1029/2008JD009790.

 

Mace, G. G., Q. Zhang, M. Vaughan, R. Marchand, G. Stephens, C. Trepte, and D. Winker (2009), A description of hydrometeor layer occurrence statistics derived from the first year of merged Cloudsat and CALIPSO data, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00A26, doi:10.1029/2007JD009755.

 

Hinkelman, L. M., R. T. Marchand, and T. P. Ackerman (2009), Evaluation of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer cloud motion vectors using NOAA radar wind profiler data, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D21207, doi:10.1029/2008JD011107.

 

Marchand, R., G.G. Mace, T. Ackerman, and G. Stephens (2008), Hydrometeor Detection Using Cloudsat—An Earth-Orbiting 94-GHz Cloud Radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 25, 519–533.

 

McFarlane, S. A., and R. T. Marchand (2008), Analysis of ice crystal habits derived from MISR and MODIS observations over the ARM Southern Great Plains site, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D07209, doi:10.1029/2007JD009191.

 

Stephens, G. L., et al. (2008), CloudSat mission: Performance and early science after the first year of operation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D00A18, doi:10.1029/2008JD009982, [printed 114(D8), 2009].

 

Tanelli, S.,  Durden, S. L., Im, E., Pak, K. S., Reinke, D. G., Partain, P., Haynes, J. M., and Marchand, R. T. (2008), CloudSat's Cloud Profiling Radar After Two Years in Orbit: Performance, Calibration, and Processing, IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,  46(11), p. 3560 - 3573, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2008.2002030.

 

Zhang, Y., S. A. Klein, C. Liu, B. Tian, R. T. Marchand, J. M. Haynes, R. B. McCoy, Y. Zhang, and T. P. Ackerman (2008), On the diurnal cycle of deep convection, high-level cloud, and upper troposphere water vapor in the Multiscale Modeling Framework, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16105, doi:10.1029/2008JD009905

 

Kahn, B. H., Chahine, M. T., Stephens, G. L., Mace, G. G., Marchand, R. T., Wang, Z., Barnet, C. D., Eldering, A., Holz, R. E., Kuehn, R. E., and Vane, D. G. (2008), Cloud type comparisons of AIRS, CloudSat, and CALIPSO cloud height and amount, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1231-1248, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1231-2008.

 

Marchand, R. T., T. P. Ackerman, and C. Moroney (2007) An assessment of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) stereo-derived cloud top heights and cloud top winds using ground-based radar, lidar, and microwave radiometers, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D06204, doi:10.1029/2006JD007091.

 

Haynes, J. M., R. T. Marchand, Z. Luo, A. Bodas-Salcedo, and G. L. Stephens (2007), A Multipurpose Radar Simulation Package: QuickBeam.ӠBulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 88, Issue 11 (November 2007) pp. 1723–172 DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-88-11-1723

 

Mace, G. G., R. T. Marchand, Q. Zhang, and G. L. Stephens, 2007, Global hydrometeor occurrence as observed by CloudSat: Initial observations from summer 2006, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 34, L09808, doi:10.1029/2006GL029017

 

Ovtchinnikov M. and Marchand R.T. (2007) Cloud model evaluation using radiometric measurements from the airborne multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (AirMISR), Remote Sensing of Environment, 107 (1-2), pp. 185-193, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.05.024

 

Marchand, R.T., N. Beagley, S. Thompson, T.P. Ackerman, D. M. Schultz, 2006: A Bootstrap Technique for Testing the Relationship Between Local-Scale Radar Observations of Cloud Occurrence and Large-Scale Atmospheric Fields, J. Atmos. Sci., 63(11), p. 2813–2830.

 

Ovtchinnikov, Mikahil, Thomas P. Ackerman, Roger T. Marchand, and Marat Khairoutdinov, 2006 ҅valuation of the Multi-Scale Modeling Framework Using Data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program,ӠJournal of Climate, 19 (9): 1716-1729

 

McFarlane, Sally A., Marchand, Roger T., Ackerman, Thomas P., 2005  Ғetrieval of cloud phase and crystal habit from Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data,ӠJournal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, No. D14, D14201, 10.1029/2004JD004831.

 

Marchand R. T. and T. P. Ackerman, 2004 "Evaluation of radiometric measurements from the NASA Multi-Angle Spectro-Radiometer from an inhomogeneous cloud using a combination of 2D and 3D radiative transfer modeling", J. of Geophy. Res., 109, D18208 doi:10.1029/2004JD004710

 

Marchand, R., T. Ackerman, E. R. Westwater, S. A. Clough, K. Cady-Pereira, and J. C. Liljegren, 2003, An assessment of microwave absorption models and retrievals of cloud liquid water using clear-sky data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4773, doi:10.1029/ 2003JD003843.

 

Ackerman, T. P., D. M. Flynn, and R. T. Marchand, Quantifying the magnitude of anomalous solar absorption,

J. Geophys. Res., 108(D9), 4273, doi:10.1029/2002JD002674, 2003.

 

Kassianov, E., T. Ackerman, R. Marchand, and M. Ovtchinnikov, Satellite multiangle cumulus geometry retrieval: Case study, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D3), 4117, doi:10.1029/2002JD002350, 2003.

 

Kassianov, Evgueni, Thomas Ackerman, Roger Marchand and Mikhail Ovtchinnikov (2003), Stochastic radiative transfer in multilayer broken clouds. Part II: validation tests, J. of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 77(4), p. 395-416, doi:10.1016/S0022-4073(02)00171-1

 

Michalsky, J., Q. Min, J. Barnard, R. Marchand, and P. Pilewskie (2003), Simultaneous spectral albedo measurements near the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains (ARM SGP) central facility, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D8), 4254, doi:10.1029/2002JD002906.

 

Min, Q.-L., M. Duan, and R. Marchand (2003), Validation of surface retrieved cloud optical properties with in situ measurements at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) South Great Plains site, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D17), 4547, doi:10.1029/2003JD003385.

 

Vanbauce, C., B. Cadet, and R. T. Marchand (2003), Comparison of POLDER apparent and corrected oxygen pressure to ARM/MMCR cloud boundary pressures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(5), 1212, doi:10.1029/2002GL016449.

 

Dong, Xiquan, Gerald G. Mace, Patrick Minnis, William L. Smith, Michael Poellot, Roger T. Marchand, Anita D. Rapp, 2002: Comparison of Stratus Cloud Properties Deduced from Surface, GOES, and Aircraft Data during the March 2000 ARM Cloud IOP. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 3265-3284

 

Marchand, R. T., Ackerman, T. P., King, M. D.  Moroney, C., Davies, R., Muller, Jan-Peter A. L. and Hermann, G., 2001 ҍultiangle observations of Arctic clouds from FIRE ACE: June 3, 1998 case study,ӠJournal of Geophysical Research, v. 106, n. D14, p. 15201-214.

 

Riedi, J., P. Goloub, and R. T. Marchand (2001), Comparison of POLDER cloud phase retrievals to active remote sensors measurements at the ARM SGP site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(11), 2185–2188, doi:10.1029/2000GL012758.

 

Clothiaux EE, Ackerman TP, Mace GG, Moran KP, Marchand RT, Miller MA, Martner BE, 2000 ҏbjective determination of cloud heights and radar reflectivities using a combination of active remote sensors at the ARM CART sites,ӠJ APPL METEOROL 39 (5): 645-665 MAY 2000

 

Hinkelman, L. M., Ackerman, T. P. and Marchand, R. T. ҁn evaluation of the NCEP Eta model predictions of surface energy budget and cloud properties by comparison to measured ARM data,ӠJournal of Geophysical Research, 104 (D16): 19535-19549 AUG 27 1999

 

Marchand, R.T., Brown, G.S., 1999: On the use of finite surfaces in the numerical prediction of rough surface scattering, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, 47(4), p. 600 – 604, doi:10.1109/8.768797

 

Marchand, R. T., and G. S. Brown (1998), Inferring rough surface parameters from average scattering data using approximate scattering models 1. Gaussian spectrum, Radio Sci., 33(4), 821–834, doi:10.1029/98RS01100.

 

Marchand, R. T., and G. S. Brown (1998), Inferring rough surface parameters from average scattering data using approximate scattering models 2. Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum, Radio Sci., 33(4), 835–843, doi:10.1029/98RS01101.

 

Toporkov, J.V., Marchand, R.T., Brown, G.S. 1998: On the discretization of the integral equation describing scattering by rough conducting surfaces, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, 46(1), p. 150-161, doi:10.1109/8.655462

 

Marchand, Roger, Sedki Riad, and A. Elshabini-Riad, 1996: A combined octant/Delaunay method for fully automatic 3D mesh generation with multiple level octant differences, Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering, 12(6), p. 343–349, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0887(199606)12:6<343::AID-CNM982>3.0.CO;2-O