Preliminaries: Static Instability

• 3.1 Static Instability, pp. 41-43
• 2.6 Thermodynamic diagrams, pp. 32-34
  • Fig. 2.9 Del-Rio sounding 1800 UTC 14 May 2008
  • Fig. 2.10 Del-Rio, DCAPE
• 3.1.1 Vertical velocity of an updraft, p. 43
• 3.1.2 Limitations of parcel theory, pp. 44-47
  • Fig. 3.1 Warm bubble comparisions
  • Fig. 2.7 Pressure perturbations around a rising bubble
  • Fig. 3.2 Skew-T illustrating entrainment
  • Fig. 3.3 Potential instability
• 3.1.3 Potential Instability, pp. 47-48

Chpt 7: Convective Initiation

• 7.1 Requisites for initiating convection, pp. 183-189
  • Fig. 7.1 Annual cycles of lapse rate and mixing ratio
  • Fig. 7.2 Initiation along a CF
  • Fig. 7.3 12 hour change in sounding
  • Fig. 7.7 effect of vertical stretching on lapse rate
  • Fig. 7.9 Reducing CIN
• 7.2 Mesoscale complexities of convective initiation
• Fig. 7.10 Nonuniform triggering
• Fig. 7.11 BL rolls and sea breeze front
• Fig. 7.12 Misoscyclones revealed by insects
• Observations of insect-induced variations in boundary-layer reflectivity
• Fig. 7.13 Misoscyclones: conceptual model
• Fig. 7.14 DMC not sustained
• Fig. 7.15 No CIN, no T-storms
• Fig. 7.18 Impact on CAPE and CIN of averaging T and rv over lowest 100 hPa
• Fig. 7.20 Rising bubble in shear
• Fig. 7.16 Influence of BL variability on DMC
• Fig. 7.22 Elevated convection

Chpt 5: Air Mass Boundaries

• 5.1.5 Kinemnatics of frontogenesis
• 5.2 Drylines
  • Fig. 5.14 Dryline characteristics
  • Fig. 5.15 Dryline formation
  • Fig. 5.16 Vertical cross-section
  • Fig. 5.17 Lidar cross-sections about 10 AM CST and 2 PM CST
  • US map
  • Fig. 5.18 Vertical cross-sections for case in Fig. 5.14
  • Satellite loop of convection along the dryline
  • Satellite loop with surface obs
  • Weather map symbols
• 5.3 Outflow Boundaries
  • Oklahoma gust front
  • Florida gust fronts
  • Lake in Maine
  • Fig. 5.20 Satellite and theta_e
  • Fig. 5.21 Radar fine line
  • Fig. 5.22 Shelf cloud
  • Fig. 5.23 Gust front flow schematic
  • Fig. 5.26 Doppler radar
  • Fig. 5.30 Control volume illustration
  • Fig. 5.31 Effect of wind shear on gust front head

Chpt 8: Organization of Isolated Convection

• 8.1 Role of vertical wind shear
  • Fig. 8.1 0-6km vector wind difference
  • Fig. 8.3 Comparision of simulated no-shear and strong-shear storms
  • Fig. 8.4 Comparison of radar reflectivity for weak- and strong-shear storms
  • Fig. 8.5 Storm morphology as a function of wind shear
• 8.2 Single-cell convection
• Fig. 8.6 Photos of single cell storms
• Fig. 8.7 Radar reflectivity for disorganized t-storms
• Fig. 8.8 The life of a single cell
• 8.3 Multi-cell convection
  • Fig. 8.9 Photo
  • Fig. 8.11 Schematic of evolution
  • Fig. 8.12 Schematic of gust front-updraft interaction
  • Fig. 8.13 Simulation of multi-cells in turning low-level winds
  • Time lapse of multicell
  • Time lapse of multicell at sunset
• 8.4 Supercellular convection
  • Storm structure
    • Video of an impressive mesocyclone.
    • Booker supercell
    • Updraft with smoke in inflow
    • Fig. 8.15 Composite hodograph
    • Fig. 8.16 Classic structure
    • Fig. 8.24 LP structure
    • Fig. 8.26 HP structure
    • Fig. 8.25 LP and HP storm photos
    • LP storm time lapse
    • Fig. 8.17 Mesocyclone photo
    • Fig. 8.18 Mesocyclone radar
    • Fig. 8.19 Storm-relative flow and reflectivity
    • Fig. 8.21 Reflectivity and BWER
    • Fig. 8.22 Schematic with downdraft locations
    • Downdraft by mesocyclone
  • Storm dynamics
    • Fig. 8.23 Surface pressure field around updraft
    • Fig. 8.29 Tilting of environmental shear into the vertical
    • Fig. 8.30 Tilting plus advection of vortiicty perturbations
    • Fig. 8.34 Baroclinic generation along the FFD gust front
    • Fig. 8.35 Storm splitting
    • Fig. 8.37 Radar reflectivity of splitting storms -- straight line hodograph
    • Fig. 8.42 Radar reflectivity of splitting storms -- curved hodograph
    • Vertical momentum budget straight-line hodograph at height of 4 km
    • Pressure perturbation isosurface straight-line hodograph
    • Fig. 8.40 Influence of shear on vertical gradients of dynamics pressure
    • Fig. 8.41 Simulations of split storms with different hodographs

Chpt 9: Mesoscale Convective Systems

• 9.1 General characteristics
  • Fig. 9.1 radar reflectivity for a trailing stratiform squall line
  • Fig. 9.6 IR satellite image of an MCC
• 9.2 Squall line structure
  • Fig. 9.7 schematic for trailing stratiform type
  • Fig. 9.8 front-to-rear storm-relative winds
  • Fig. 9.9 mid-level rear-to-front flow in cases with strong rear inflow
  • Fig. 9.11 Schematic of linear MCS archetypes
  • Fig. 9.12 radar reflectivity for LS and PS types
  • Fig. 9.13 Solid and 3D reflectivities at the gust font
  • MAUL schematic Bryan and Fritsch (2000)
• 9.3 Squall line maintenance
• Fig. 9.17 Sample budget volume
• Fig. 9.14 Ilustration of vorticity balance-imbalance
• Fig. 9.18 Different vertical-vorticity fluxes
• Fig. 9.15 Example of updraft characteristics with different environmental shears
• Fig. 9.20 Climatologies of low-level shears in systems with severe straight-line winds
• The mesoscale circulation in squall lines (Pandya and Durran, 1996)
  • Figs 5,6 and 18
  • Anvil cloud -- compare Fig. 21 with this discussion
• 9.4 Rear inflow and bow echoes
  • Fig. 9.24 Fujita schematic
  • Fig. 9.25 Radar reflectivity & Doppler velocities
  • Fig. 9.26 Reflectivity and airflow
  • Schematic of tilting to make bookend vortices (from Pandya, Durran, Weisman, 2000)
• 9.5 MCCs
  • Fig. 9.29 Winds and model precip
  • Fig. 9.30 IR and visible satellite
  • Fig. 9.33 Heating and PV anomalies

Chpt 10: Hazards Associated with Deep Moist Convection

• 10.1.1 Tornadoes
  • Fig. 10.1 Utility of CAPE times Shear
  • Fig. 10.2 Avrg annual number of days with environments favorable for tornadic SS
• 10.1.2 Tornado genesis
  • Fig. 10.3 Schematic: generating or exploiting low-level vorticity
  • Fig. 10.4 Clear slot
  • Fig. 10.5 Outflow air entering updraft
  • Fig. 10.7 Baroclinically generated vorticity in downdraft
  • Fig. 10.8 Tilting and stretching of downdraft generated vorticity
  • Fig. 10.6 Archng vortex lines in case study
• 10.1.3 Nonmesocyclonic tornadoes
• Fig. 10.9 Barotropically unstabel vortex roll-up
• Fig. 10.10 Landspouts
• Waterspout
• Waterspouts over Novorossiysk
• 10.1.4 Forecasting tornadoes
  • Fig. 10.13 Tornado/No-Tornado Environments
• 10.1.5 Tornado Structure and Dynamics
  • Fig. 10.17 Fujita's photogrammetric analysis
  • Fig. 10.19 The five regions
  • Fig. 10.20 Idealized vortex structure and swirl ratio
  • Fig. 10.22 Multiple suction vortices
• SPC's "about tornadoes"
• 10.2 Nontornadic damaging straight-line winds
  • From downdrafts
    • Fig. 10.25 Microburst schematic
    • Fig. 10.23 Wet microburst photo
    • Fig. 10.24 Microburst on radar
    • Fig. 10.33 Heatburst
  • Derechos
    • Fig. 10.36 Simulation
    • Midwest/Ohio Valley Event
    • SPC's "about Derechos"
• 10.3 Hailstorms
  • Fig. 10.38 Hailstone terminal velocities
  • Grapefruit size hail: Granbury TX May 15, 2013
  • Severe hail climatology
  • Armored T-28

Chpt 12: Mountain Waves and Downslope Windstorms

• Lee waves and mountain waves (Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, 2nd Ed)
• Figures
  • Comparison of evanescent and vertically propagating waves over sinusoidal topography.
  • Effect of horizontal scale on waves generated by an isolated mountain when N=.01047 and U=20 are constant.
  • Internal gravity waves forced by a compact oscillator in a basic state at rest (animations).
  • Buoyancy and velocity perturbations in a vertically propagating mountain wave.
  • Vertically propagating wave with cloud over an isolated mountain (schematic).
    • Cirrus generated by a vertically propagating wave over the Sierra Nevada.
    • Vertically propagating wave over the Andes.
    • Vertically propagating wave over Baja
    • Vertically propagating waves downstream of the Olympics
  • Trapped wave with clouds forced by an isolated mountain (schematic).
    • Trapped lee waves over Iceland.
    • Three-dimensional trapped wave forming a flying saucer.
    • Stack of lenticulars
    • Very extensive trapped waves over Nevada (41 MB mp4 file).
  • Comparison of linear vertically propagating and trapped waves forced by an isolated mountain.
  • Comparison of nonlinear vertically propagating and trapped waves forced by an isolated mountain.
  • Rocky Mountain Wave Clouds time-lapse video
  • Trapped lee waves over Iceland.
  • Three-dimensional trapped waves generated by the South Sandwhich Islands.
  • Amsterdam Island ship waves.
  • Comparison of very idealized and slightly idealized breaking waves.
• Downslope winds (Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, 2nd Ed)
• Figures
  • Surface wind trace near Boulder. Colorado.
  • January 11, 1972 aircraft observations near Boulder, Colorado: isentropes and westerly winds (Amplification of downslope winds by static stability layering and wave breaking.)
  • Bora aircraft observations. (Amplification of downslope winds below a mean-state critical layer)
  • Owens Valley rotor clouds
  • Gliding above the shooting flow
  • Hydraulic analog: variations in lower-layer depth
  • Hydraulic analog: changes in mountain height
  • Amplification of downslope winds through wave breaking. Perturbation horizontal velocity contours; U=10 m/s; Nh/U=0.6 (left) and 1.2 (right).
  • Amplification of downslope winds through stability layering. Perturbation horizontal velocity contours; U=10 m/s; Nh/U=0.6 in lower layer and 0.24 above.
  • Vorticity generation in rotors

Chpt 13: Blocking of the Wind by Terrain

• 13.1 Flow stagnation
  • Diagram for constant N and U
• 13.3 Lee vortices
  • Karman vortices generated in water flowing past a cylinder.
  • Karman vortex street animation.
  • Vortices shed by Cheju Island.
  • Vortices shed by Jan Mayen.
  • Vortices shed by the Cape Verde Islands.
  • Vortices shed by Guadalupe Island.
  • Comparison of vortex shedding on two scales.
  • Schematic of vortex tiliting.
  • Trouble with sole focus on vorticity
  • Importance of vortex stretching
  • Fig. 13.11 Surface streamlines
  • Fig. 13.13 Vortex lines on isentropic surface of elevation about 0.35 h
  • Jeju vortices (also from Yakushima) (mp4)
• 13.4 Gap winds
  • Strait of Juan de Fuca (flight level data: 150, 500 and 700 m)
  • SAR imagery for BC gap winds
  • Chivela Pass gap winds
  • Streamlines and perturbation u for Nh/U= (a) 0.25, (b) 1.4, (c) 2.8, (d) 5.0
  • Close up in gap of previous, with normalized pressure perturbations
  • Vertical cross sections along the centerline of the gap for previous
  • Temperature gradients along the Columbia River Gorge (Sharp and Mass, 2004)
  • Vertical cross section along the Columbia River Gorge (Sharp and Mass, 2002)